ÿØÿàJFIFÿþ ÿÛC       ÿÛC ÿÀÿÄÿÄ"#QrÿÄÿÄ&1!A"2qQaáÿÚ ?Øy,æ/3JæݹÈ߲؋5êXw²±ÉyˆR”¾I0ó2—PI¾IÌÚiMö¯–þrìN&"KgX:Šíµ•nTJnLK„…@!‰-ý ùúmë;ºgµŒ&ó±hw’¯Õ@”Ü— 9ñ-ë.²1<yà‚¹ïQÐU„ہ?.’¦èûbß±©Ö«Âw*VŒ) `$‰bØԟ’ëXÖ-ËTÜíGÚ3ð«g Ÿ§¯—Jx„–’U/ÂÅv_s(Hÿ@TñJÑãõçn­‚!ÈgfbÓc­:él[ðQe 9ÀPLbÃãCµm[5¿ç'ªjglå‡Ûí_§Úõl-;"PkÞÞÁQâ¼_Ñ^¢SŸx?"¸¦ùY騐ÒOÈ q’`~~ÚtËU¹CڒêV  I1Áß_ÿÙ 4]c@s<dZddlmZddlZddlmZddlmZddlmZ ddlm Z dd l m Z dd l m Z dd lmZdd lmZddlm Zdd lmZddlmZddlmZddlmZddlmZddlmZddlmZddlmZddlmZddlmZddlmZedjZedjZ de j!fdYZ"e"Z#de j$fdYZ%defdYZ&eZ'd e j(e j)fd!YZ*d"e j+fd#YZ,d$e j+fd%YZ-d&e j+fd'YZ.d(e j/fd)YZ0d*e j$fd+YZ1d,e j2fd-YZ3d.e j4fd/YZ5d0e j4fd1YZ6d2e j7fd3YZ8ie8e j76e5e j96e3e j26Z:ied6ed46ed56ed66e3d,6e*d 6ed76e0d(6ed86e%d6ed96ed:6e5d;6e"d6ed<6e,d=6e1d*6e-d$6e.d&6Z;d>ej<fd?YZ=d@ej>fdAYZ?dBej@fdCYZAdDejBfdEYZCdFe jDfdGYZEdHe jFfdIYZGdJejHfdKYZIdS(Lsq3 .. dialect:: oracle :name: Oracle Oracle version 8 through current (11g at the time of this writing) are supported. Connect Arguments ----------------- The dialect supports several :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine()` arguments which affect the behavior of the dialect regardless of driver in use. * ``use_ansi`` - Use ANSI JOIN constructs (see the section on Oracle 8). Defaults to ``True``. If ``False``, Oracle-8 compatible constructs are used for joins. * ``optimize_limits`` - defaults to ``False``. see the section on LIMIT/OFFSET. * ``use_binds_for_limits`` - defaults to ``True``. see the section on LIMIT/OFFSET. Auto Increment Behavior ----------------------- SQLAlchemy Table objects which include integer primary keys are usually assumed to have "autoincrementing" behavior, meaning they can generate their own primary key values upon INSERT. Since Oracle has no "autoincrement" feature, SQLAlchemy relies upon sequences to produce these values. With the Oracle dialect, *a sequence must always be explicitly specified to enable autoincrement*. This is divergent with the majority of documentation examples which assume the usage of an autoincrement-capable database. To specify sequences, use the sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence object which is passed to a Column construct:: t = Table('mytable', metadata, Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq'), primary_key=True), Column(...), ... ) This step is also required when using table reflection, i.e. autoload=True:: t = Table('mytable', metadata, Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq'), primary_key=True), autoload=True ) Identifier Casing ----------------- In Oracle, the data dictionary represents all case insensitive identifier names using UPPERCASE text. SQLAlchemy on the other hand considers an all-lower case identifier name to be case insensitive. The Oracle dialect converts all case insensitive identifiers to and from those two formats during schema level communication, such as reflection of tables and indexes. Using an UPPERCASE name on the SQLAlchemy side indicates a case sensitive identifier, and SQLAlchemy will quote the name - this will cause mismatches against data dictionary data received from Oracle, so unless identifier names have been truly created as case sensitive (i.e. using quoted names), all lowercase names should be used on the SQLAlchemy side. LIMIT/OFFSET Support -------------------- Oracle has no support for the LIMIT or OFFSET keywords. SQLAlchemy uses a wrapped subquery approach in conjunction with ROWNUM. The exact methodology is taken from http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/issue-archive/2006/06-sep/o56asktom-086197.html . There are two options which affect its behavior: * the "FIRST ROWS()" optimization keyword is not used by default. To enable the usage of this optimization directive, specify ``optimize_limits=True`` to :func:`.create_engine`. * the values passed for the limit/offset are sent as bound parameters. Some users have observed that Oracle produces a poor query plan when the values are sent as binds and not rendered literally. To render the limit/offset values literally within the SQL statement, specify ``use_binds_for_limits=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`. Some users have reported better performance when the entirely different approach of a window query is used, i.e. ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY), to provide LIMIT/OFFSET (note that the majority of users don't observe this). To suit this case the method used for LIMIT/OFFSET can be replaced entirely. See the recipe at http://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/wiki/UsageRecipes/WindowFunctionsByDefault which installs a select compiler that overrides the generation of limit/offset with a window function. .. _oracle_returning: RETURNING Support ----------------- The Oracle database supports a limited form of RETURNING, in order to retrieve result sets of matched rows from INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statements. Oracle's RETURNING..INTO syntax only supports one row being returned, as it relies upon OUT parameters in order to function. In addition, supported DBAPIs have further limitations (see :ref:`cx_oracle_returning`). SQLAlchemy's "implicit returning" feature, which employs RETURNING within an INSERT and sometimes an UPDATE statement in order to fetch newly generated primary key values and other SQL defaults and expressions, is normally enabled on the Oracle backend. By default, "implicit returning" typically only fetches the value of a single ``nextval(some_seq)`` expression embedded into an INSERT in order to increment a sequence within an INSERT statement and get the value back at the same time. To disable this feature across the board, specify ``implicit_returning=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`:: engine = create_engine("oracle://scott:tiger@dsn", implicit_returning=False) Implicit returning can also be disabled on a table-by-table basis as a table option:: # Core Table my_table = Table("my_table", metadata, ..., implicit_returning=False) # declarative class MyClass(Base): __tablename__ = 'my_table' __table_args__ = {"implicit_returning": False} .. seealso:: :ref:`cx_oracle_returning` - additional cx_oracle-specific restrictions on implicit returning. ON UPDATE CASCADE ----------------- Oracle doesn't have native ON UPDATE CASCADE functionality. A trigger based solution is available at http://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html . When using the SQLAlchemy ORM, the ORM has limited ability to manually issue cascading updates - specify ForeignKey objects using the "deferrable=True, initially='deferred'" keyword arguments, and specify "passive_updates=False" on each relationship(). Oracle 8 Compatibility ---------------------- When Oracle 8 is detected, the dialect internally configures itself to the following behaviors: * the use_ansi flag is set to False. This has the effect of converting all JOIN phrases into the WHERE clause, and in the case of LEFT OUTER JOIN makes use of Oracle's (+) operator. * the NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB datatypes are no longer generated as DDL when the :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` is used - VARCHAR2 and CLOB are issued instead. This because these types don't seem to work correctly on Oracle 8 even though they are available. The :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.NVARCHAR` and :class:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.NCLOB` types will always generate NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB. * the "native unicode" mode is disabled when using cx_oracle, i.e. SQLAlchemy encodes all Python unicode objects to "string" before passing in as bind parameters. Synonym/DBLINK Reflection ------------------------- When using reflection with Table objects, the dialect can optionally search for tables indicated by synonyms, either in local or remote schemas or accessed over DBLINK, by passing the flag ``oracle_resolve_synonyms=True`` as a keyword argument to the :class:`.Table` construct:: some_table = Table('some_table', autoload=True, autoload_with=some_engine, oracle_resolve_synonyms=True) When this flag is set, the given name (such as ``some_table`` above) will be searched not just in the ``ALL_TABLES`` view, but also within the ``ALL_SYNONYMS`` view to see if this name is actually a synonym to another name. If the synonym is located and refers to a DBLINK, the oracle dialect knows how to locate the table's information using DBLINK syntax(e.g. ``@dblink``). ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` is accepted wherever reflection arguments are accepted, including methods such as :meth:`.MetaData.reflect` and :meth:`.Inspector.get_columns`. If synonyms are not in use, this flag should be left disabled. .. _oracle_constraint_reflection: Constraint Reflection --------------------- The Oracle dialect can return information about foreign key, unique, and CHECK constraints, as well as indexes on tables. Raw information regarding these constraints can be acquired using :meth:`.Inspector.get_foreign_keys`, :meth:`.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`, :meth:`.Inspector.get_check_constraints`, and :meth:`.Inspector.get_indexes`. .. versionchanged:: 1.2 The Oracle dialect can now reflect UNIQUE and CHECK constraints. When using reflection at the :class:`.Table` level, the :class:`.Table` will also include these constraints. Note the following caveats: * When using the :meth:`.Inspector.get_check_constraints` method, Oracle builds a special "IS NOT NULL" constraint for columns that specify "NOT NULL". This constraint is **not** returned by default; to include the "IS NOT NULL" constraints, pass the flag ``include_all=True``:: from sqlalchemy import create_engine, inspect engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://s:t@dsn") inspector = inspect(engine) all_check_constraints = inspector.get_check_constraints( "some_table", include_all=True) * in most cases, when reflecting a :class:`.Table`, a UNIQUE constraint will **not** be available as a :class:`.UniqueConstraint` object, as Oracle mirrors unique constraints with a UNIQUE index in most cases (the exception seems to be when two or more unique constraints represent the same columns); the :class:`.Table` will instead represent these using :class:`.Index` with the ``unique=True`` flag set. * Oracle creates an implicit index for the primary key of a table; this index is **excluded** from all index results. * the list of columns reflected for an index will not include column names that start with SYS_NC. Table names with SYSTEM/SYSAUX tablespaces ------------------------------------------- The :meth:`.Inspector.get_table_names` and :meth:`.Inspector.get_temp_table_names` methods each return a list of table names for the current engine. These methods are also part of the reflection which occurs within an operation such as :meth:`.MetaData.reflect`. By default, these operations exclude the ``SYSTEM`` and ``SYSAUX`` tablespaces from the operation. In order to change this, the default list of tablespaces excluded can be changed at the engine level using the ``exclude_tablespaces`` parameter:: # exclude SYSAUX and SOME_TABLESPACE, but not SYSTEM e = create_engine( "oracle://scott:tiger@xe", exclude_tablespaces=["SYSAUX", "SOME_TABLESPACE"]) .. versionadded:: 1.1 DateTime Compatibility ---------------------- Oracle has no datatype known as ``DATETIME``, it instead has only ``DATE``, which can actually store a date and time value. For this reason, the Oracle dialect provides a type :class:`.oracle.DATE` which is a subclass of :class:`.DateTime`. This type has no special behavior, and is only present as a "marker" for this type; additionally, when a database column is reflected and the type is reported as ``DATE``, the time-supporting :class:`.oracle.DATE` type is used. .. versionchanged:: 0.9.4 Added :class:`.oracle.DATE` to subclass :class:`.DateTime`. This is a change as previous versions would reflect a ``DATE`` column as :class:`.types.DATE`, which subclasses :class:`.Date`. The only significance here is for schemes that are examining the type of column for use in special Python translations or for migrating schemas to other database backends. .. _oracle_table_options: Oracle Table Options ------------------------- The CREATE TABLE phrase supports the following options with Oracle in conjunction with the :class:`.Table` construct: * ``ON COMMIT``:: Table( "some_table", metadata, ..., prefixes=['GLOBAL TEMPORARY'], oracle_on_commit='PRESERVE ROWS') .. versionadded:: 1.0.0 * ``COMPRESS``:: Table('mytable', metadata, Column('data', String(32)), oracle_compress=True) Table('mytable', metadata, Column('data', String(32)), oracle_compress=6) The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer compression level, or ``True`` to use the default compression level. .. versionadded:: 1.0.0 .. _oracle_index_options: Oracle Specific Index Options ----------------------------- Bitmap Indexes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ You can specify the ``oracle_bitmap`` parameter to create a bitmap index instead of a B-tree index:: Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, oracle_bitmap=True) Bitmap indexes cannot be unique and cannot be compressed. SQLAlchemy will not check for such limitations, only the database will. .. versionadded:: 1.0.0 Index compression ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Oracle has a more efficient storage mode for indexes containing lots of repeated values. Use the ``oracle_compress`` parameter to turn on key compression:: Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, oracle_compress=True) Index('my_index', my_table.c.data1, my_table.c.data2, unique=True, oracle_compress=1) The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer specifying the number of prefix columns to compress, or ``True`` to use the default (all columns for non-unique indexes, all but the last column for unique indexes). .. versionadded:: 1.0.0 i(tgroupbyNi(tschema(tsql(ttypes(tutil(tdefault(t reflection(tcompiler(t expression(tvisitors(t quoted_name(tBLOB(tCHAR(tCLOB(tFLOAT(tINTEGER(tNCHAR(tNVARCHAR(t TIMESTAMP(tVARCHARs SHARE RAW DROP BETWEEN FROM DESC OPTION PRIOR LONG THEN DEFAULT ALTER IS INTO MINUS INTEGER NUMBER GRANT IDENTIFIED ALL TO ORDER ON FLOAT DATE HAVING CLUSTER NOWAIT RESOURCE ANY TABLE INDEX FOR UPDATE WHERE CHECK SMALLINT WITH DELETE BY ASC REVOKE LIKE SIZE RENAME NOCOMPRESS NULL GROUP VALUES AS IN VIEW EXCLUSIVE COMPRESS SYNONYM SELECT INSERT EXISTS NOT TRIGGER ELSE CREATE INTERSECT PCTFREE DISTINCT USER CONNECT SET MODE OF UNIQUE VARCHAR2 VARCHAR LOCK OR CHAR DECIMAL UNION PUBLIC AND START UID COMMENT CURRENT LEVELs<UID CURRENT_DATE SYSDATE USER CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMPtRAWcBseZdZRS(R(t__name__t __module__t__visit_name__(((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyRstNCLOBcBseZdZRS(R(RRR(((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyRstVARCHAR2cBseZdZRS(R(RRR(((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyRstNUMBERcBs8eZdZddddZdZedZRS(RcCsP|dkr't|o|dk}ntt|jd|d|d|dS(Nit precisiontscalet asdecimal(tNonetbooltsuperRt__init__(tselfRRR((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyR!s cCs%tt|j|}t|_|S(N(R RtadapttTruet_is_oracle_number(R"timpltypetret((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyR#s cCs0t|jo|jdkr%tjStjSdS(Ni(RRtsqltypestNumerictInteger(R"((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyt_type_affinitysN(RRRRR!R#tpropertyR+(((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyRs tDOUBLE_PRECISIONcBseZdZRS(R-(RRR(((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyR-st BINARY_DOUBLEcBseZdZRS(R.(RRR(((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyR.st BINARY_FLOATcBseZdZRS(R/(RRR(((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyR/stBFILEcBseZdZRS(R0(RRR(((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyR0stLONGcBseZdZRS(R1(RRR(((sR/opt/alt/python27/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.pyR1stDATEcBseZdZdZdZRS(sProvide the oracle DATE type. 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